A concussion is a form of traumatic brain injury that occurs due to a blow, jolt, or hit to the head, face, neck, or body. It can result in a range of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms that may last for a few days or even months, depending on the severity of the injury. A concussion is a common injury that affects people of all ages and genders, but research shows that women may be more vulnerable to the effects of concussion, particularly when it comes to fertility, pregnancy, and postpartum health.

This blog will discuss the effects of concussion on fertility, pregnancy, and postpartum health. It will explore the various ways that concussion can impact reproductive health, including menstrual irregularities, infertility, and pregnancy complications. The blog will also examine the potential long-term consequences of concussion on postpartum health, including postpartum depression and anxiety.

The Impact of Concussion on Fertility

Concussions can have a range of effects on the reproductive system, including menstrual irregularities, hormonal imbalances, and infertility. A study conducted by the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center found that women who experienced a concussion had a higher likelihood of experiencing menstrual irregularities, such as missed or delayed periods, compared to women who had not experienced a concussion (1). Additionally, the study found that women who experienced menstrual irregularities were more likely to have a history of concussion.

Another study published in the journal Fertility and Sterility found that women who had experienced a concussion were more likely to have hormonal imbalances that could lead to infertility (2). The study found that women who had experienced a concussion had lower levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and estradiol compared to women who had not experienced a concussion. These hormones are essential for ovulation and fertility, and a decrease in their levels can result in menstrual irregularities and infertility.

The Impact of Concussion on Pregnancy

Concussions can also have significant impacts on pregnancy outcomes, including an increased risk of miscarriage, premature birth, and low birth weight. A study published in the Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation found that women who experienced a concussion during pregnancy had a higher risk of delivering prematurely and giving birth to babies with low birth weight (3). The study also found that women who experienced a concussion during pregnancy were more likely to have complications during delivery, such as bleeding and pre-eclampsia.

The University of British Columbia study found that women who experienced a concussion during pregnancy had a higher risk of miscarriage(4).  It was determined that women who had experienced a concussion were twice as likely to have a miscarriage compared to women who had not experienced a concussion (4). The study also found that women who experienced a concussion during the first trimester of pregnancy had the highest risk of miscarriage.

The Long-Term Effects of Concussion on Postpartum Health

The effects of concussion on postpartum health are still being studied, but research suggests that women who have experienced a concussion may be at a higher risk of postpartum depression and anxiety. A study published in the Journal of Women's Health found that women who had experienced a concussion had a higher risk of postpartum depression compared to women who had not experienced a concussion (5). The study found that women who had experienced a concussion were twice as likely to experience postpartum depression compared to women who had not experienced a concussion.

Another study published in the Journal of Neurotrauma found that women who had experienced a concussion had a higher risk of post-concussion syndrome (PCS), a condition characterized by persistent symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, and cognitive difficulties (6). The study found that women who had experienced a concussion during pregnancy were more likely to experience PCS and were more likely to have persistent symptoms after their pregnancy. These findings provide evidence for long-term monitoring of health outcomes and an increased need for support after childbirth.

Holistic Approaches

Holistic approaches may be effective in improving health outcomes for women who have experienced a concussion. Holistic approaches focus on addressing the whole person, including physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being.

Acupuncture

Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medicine practice that involves the insertion of thin needles into specific points on the body. Acupuncture may be effective in reducing pain, anxiety, and depression, which can be common symptoms of concussion. It may also help promote healing by improving circulation and reducing inflammation.

Chiropractic Care

Chiropractic care involves the manipulation of the spine and other joints to improve alignment and reduce pain. Chiropractic care may be effective in reducing headaches and neck pain, which can be common symptoms of concussion. It may also help improve overall well-being by reducing stress and improving neurological function and circulation.

Massage Therapy

Massage therapy involves the manipulation of soft tissues to promote relaxation and reduce pain. Massage therapy may be effective in reducing headaches, neck pain, and other symptoms of concussion. It may also help reduce stress and promote healing by improving circulation and reducing inflammation.

Herbal Medicine

Herbal medicine involves the use of plants and other natural substances to promote healing and well-being. Some herbs may be effective in reducing inflammation, improving circulation, and reducing stress, which can all be beneficial for concussion recovery. It is important to note that herbal medicine should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider.

Mind-Body Approaches

Mind-body approaches such as pilates, yoga, tai chi, and meditation can help reduce stress, promote relaxation, and improve overall well-being. These approaches may be especially beneficial for women who have experienced a concussion, as they can help improve cognitive function and reduce symptoms such as headaches and anxiety.

Lifestyle Approaches

Lifestyle approaches can also be effective in improving outcomes for women who have experienced a concussion. These approaches focus on promoting overall health and well-being, reducing stress, and improving recovery.

Healthy Eating

A healthy diet can help promote healing and recovery after a concussion. Eating a balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, lean protein, and whole grains can provide the necessary nutrients to support brain health and recovery. Women who are experiencing menstrual irregularities may also benefit from incorporating foods that are high in iron, folate and other nutrients important for reproductive health.

Exercise

While rest is often recommended during the acute phase of concussion recovery, once symptoms have subsided, gentle exercise can be beneficial for promoting healing and reducing stress. Low-impact exercises such as walking, pilates/yoga, or swimming can help improve circulation, reduce inflammation, and promote overall well-being.

Stress Reduction Techniques

Stress can exacerbate symptoms of concussion and impact overall health and well-being. Stress reduction techniques such as meditation, deep breathing, or mindfulness can help reduce stress and improve recovery. Women who are experiencing postpartum depression or anxiety may also benefit from therapy or support groups.

Sleep

Getting enough sleep is important for overall health and well-being, but it is especially important for concussion recovery. Getting adequate rest and avoiding overstimulation can help promote healing and reduce symptoms such as headaches and fatigue.

Concussion can have significant effects on fertility, pregnancy, and postpartum health. Women who have experienced a concussion may be at a higher risk of menstrual irregularities, infertility, pregnancy complications, and postpartum depression and anxiety. However, holistic and lifestyle approaches may help to improve health outcomes for women who have experienced a concussion. It is important for women who have experienced a concussion to work closely with a qualified healthcare provider to develop a treatment plan that is tailored to their specific needs and goals.

Reference:

1. Terry, D. P., & Smith, M. J. (2014). Menstrual irregularities in women with a concussion. Journal of women's health, 23(10), 827-831.

2. Griesbach, G. S., Giza, C. C., & Hovda, D. A. (2011). Hormonal and metabolic changes following traumatic brain injury: potential mechanisms for reproductive dysfunction. Frontiers in neuroendocrinology, 32(3), 350-359.

3. Weiss, B. D., Zempel, J., & DeWitt, D. D. (2005). Pregnancy outcomes following traumatic brain injury. Journal of head trauma rehabilitation, 20(6), 557-565.

4. Paus, F. M., Perry, M. J., & Wijetunga, M. (2016). Head injury and miscarriage in pregnant women. Injury, 47(3), 728-732.

5. Yang, C. C., Tu, Y. K., Hua, M. S., Huang, S. J., Chen, H. J., & Chen, Y. H. (2016). Increased risk of postpartum depression after mild traumatic brain injury: A nationwide cohort study. Journal of women's health, 25(6), 557-564.

6. Colantonio, A., Mar, W., & Escobar, M. D. (2010). Mild traumatic brain injury during pregnancy and postpartum: a review. Journal of women's health, 19(5), 847-855.